• Why is energy acquisition limited? Explain the principle of allocation and the concept of trade-offs. Explain how natural selection shapes trade-offs. What is maximized under selection?

• List the life history traits that make up life history strategies. Why is the “best of all worlds” strategy not realistic?

• Explain the life history trait trade-offs for darters and plants as depicted in Figures 12.3, 12.4, and 12.7.

• Explain the life history trait trade-offsfor lizards and snakes, fish, and magpies as shown in Figures 12.12, 12.13, and slide 11.

• Describe the two different life history strategies of r and K selection. Which traits characterize these two strategies?

• Describe the three life histories specific to plants devised by J.P. Grime. What are the characteristics of species that conform to each strategy?

• How is climate change altering the timing (phenology) of plant and animal life history events?