Part A Multiple Choice: Select the best or most complete answer (1 point each)

In the lab you use the gram staining procedure, a differential staining technique, as a first step in identifying the type of bacteria on a slide. After you carefully perform the staining procedure, you look at the cells under the microscope and see purple rod shaped cells. This result indicates that

the cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer as part of the physical structure of the cell wall and are gram-positive bacilli.

the cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer as part of the physical structure of the cell wall and are gram-positive bacilli.

the cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer as part of the physical structure of the cell wall and are gram-negative cocci.

the cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer as part of the physical structure of the cell wall and are gram-negative bacilli.

the cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer as part of the physical structure of the cell wall and are gram-negative bacilli.

Which of the following infectious diseases has (or have) been eradicated in the world?

polio
measles
smallpox
whooping cough
all of the above

Which of the followings is a characteristic of prions that is unique from other known pathogenic microbes?
They lack the characteristics of a classic cell.

They can be transmitted from animals to man.

They cause permanent damage to the host.

They are made entirely of protein.

The first microorganism demonstrated to satisfy Koch’s postulates (in the late 19th century) was

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus anthracis
Mycobacterium leprae
Vibrio cholera

Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response and not of the innate immune response?

Physical and chemical barriers

Clonal expansions of activated B cells

Inflammatory mediators

Phagocytosis

What does each codon in messenger RNA (mRNA) specify?

a nucleotide
an enzyme
an amino acid
a promoter

Antigens are

specific.

proteins or polysaccharides (complex sugars).

recognized as foreign by the body’s immune system.

all of the above.

Oncogenes are genes that

the virus utilizes to replicate itself.

transform normal cells to cancer cells.

promote genetic recombination in bacteria.

influence ongoing protein production.

Genes A, B, and C are three structural genes of an operon and fall in that order within the operon. A mutation occurs in Gene A that halts transcription early in the gene. What effect will this have on the levels of proteins produced by Genes A, B, and C?
No proteins coded by genes A, B, and C will be produced.

Proteins coded by genes B and C, but not gene A, will be produced
Proteins coded by genes A, B, and C will be produced.
Only proteins coded by gene A will be produced.

Plasmids
replicate with the bacterial chromosome.
may contain antibiotic resistance genes.
are as large as the bacterial chromosome.
contain genes essential for growth.

Interferons are an important part of the host defense against viral infections. Their principal mode of action is that
they trigger the synthesis of one or more cellular proteins that inhibit viral replication.
they are present in the serum of healthy individuals and act as viral surveillance factors.
they coat viral particles and block their attachment to cells.
they protect the death of a viral-infected cell.
The form of genetic exchange by which donor DNA is introduced into a recipient bacterial cell by a bacterial virus is
transformation.
conjugation.
transduction.
transfection.
vertical transfer.

Viruses usually initiate infection by first interacting with receptors on the surface of cells. Which of the following statements is most accurate about cellular receptors for viruses?
Cellular receptors for viruses have no known function.
All viruses within a given family use the same cellular receptor.
All cells in a susceptible host will express the viral receptor.
Successful infection of a cell by a virus may involve the interaction with more than one type of receptor.

What was Edward Jenner’s contribution to microbiology?
He discovered how to create a vaccine to trigger the body’s immune system to develop antibodies that fight microbes.
He proposed the germ theory.
He developed the compound microscope.
He developed the binomial nomenclature system.

The production of RNA using DNA as a template is known as
transduction.
transformation.
transcription
translation.

Humoral immunity involves the secretion of antibodies from
T cells.
macrophages.
neutrophils.
plasma cells.
Which of the following describes the correct relationship between the major structures of a virus?
The envelope encloses the genome of the virus.
The capsid encloses the genome of the virus.
The capsid encloses the envelope of the virus.
The genome encloses the capsid of the virus.

Immunity that results when a person is vaccinated against the 2009-H1N1 influenza is
active artificially acquired immunity.
passive naturally acquired immunity.
active naturally acquired immunity.
passive artificially acquired immunity.

What are some benefits of our microbiome?
It can supply essential nutrients.
It can aid in preventing the colonization of pathogens.
It can ensure proper functioning of the host immune systems
It can aid in food digestion.
All of the above

Protein toxins that may interfere with host cell function or damage host cell membranes and are usually secreted by living bacteria are called
adhesion factors.
antibodies.
exotoxins
endotoxins.