The Energy Balance Model provides many parameters that can be changed to affect the overall climate of the model Earth. Below we list some possible influences on global climate. Using the knowledge gained in the exercise above, write down the parameter that you should modify to simulate the climate change in the list and identify the sign of the parameter change (increase or decrease). For example, to simulate an increasing solar input into the climate system, we would increase the solar constant S. Choose only one parameter for each change.

(a) Increased greenhouse effect.

(b) Melting sea ice.

(c) Weakening ocean circulation.

(d) Injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to reduce shortwave radiation (geoengineering).

(e) Placing mirrors on major deserts (geoengineering).