Dr. Lawson is scheduled to perform cardiovascular surgery on a patient. He decides to use mannitol to reduce a swelling on the patient’s arm. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dr. Lawson’s choice?

Select one:

a. The patient’s renal system is not functioning appropriately.

b. The patient’s acid-base balance has been altered, and it is more alkaline.

c. The patient’s electrolyte levels are appropriate.

d. The patient is prone to nausea and headaches.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are considered to be refractory because:

Select one:

a. they do not produce adequate diuresis.

b. an acid-base balance is needed for the medication to work properly.

c. they lead to an accumulation of potassium ions in the blood.

d. overproduction of bicarbonate ions leads to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Spironolactone produces its potassium-sparing diuretic effect by being an aldosterone receptor agonist that:

Select one:

a. aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates sodium and potassium exchange.

b. aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates hydrogen and potassium exchange.

c. aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits sodium and potassium exchange.

d. aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits hydrogen and potassium exchange.

Mark suffers from mild hypertension. Which of the following is best suited to treat his condition?

Select one:

a. Diuretics

b. Diazoxide

c. Sodium Nitroprusside

d. Vasodilators