Directions: Select 5 essay topics of your choice from the list below and type your answers

• The answers should be in a paragraph format, no bullet format
• Extensive answers are highly recommended.
• Paper or question with more than 50% similarity report will be considered plagiarized and the student will earn zero points for the paper or the question.
• To lower your similarity report % avoid repeating the question on your answer sheet, just write the question number.
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• 1. Define the pre-load, the contractility and the after-load and explain how each affects the stroke volume. Chap. 18
• 2. Explain how ADH, aldosterone and baroreceptors in large arteries affect the arterial blood pressure. Chap 19

• 3. Describe the journey of a T-helper cell from formation in the red bone marrow until it begins producing cytokines after activation (maturation and activation). Chap. 21
• 4. The liver lobule is the building block of the liver, its blood supply is key to understanding how the liver works. Explain the flow of blood and bile through a liver lobule. Chap. 23
• 5. Describe the journey of a fat molecule (triglyceride) from food in the mouth to the blood i.e. digestion and absorption. Chap. 23
• 6. Explain the process of full oxidation of a glucose molecule. Indicating how the 32 molecules of ATP are collected and whether it was through substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation. Chap. 24
• 7. Kidneys allow us to conserve water when needed while still eliminating waste due to the countercurrent mechanism. Explain how the countercurrent mechanism works. Chap .25
• 8. For each of the 4 types of acid-base disturbance (respiratory and metabolic acidosis / alkalosis) provide an example and indicate how will the body compensate (restore pH balance) Chap.26
• 9. Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal cycle in both male and female and highlight the differences. Chap. 27
• 10. Using crossover, independent assortment of homologues and random fertilization, explain why siblings from the same parents, for the exception of identical twins, are genetically different. Chap. 29