Develop a 3–5-page report that explains how an organization serves the health care concerns and needs of a population. The report should identify gaps in the health care service, explain strategies to bridge the gaps, and describe potential barriers to those strategies.
Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other. You are strongly encouraged to complete them in sequence.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Pérez, M. A., & Luquis, R. R. (2014). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Assessment models are an integral part of public health program design and evaluation, but you might ask “exactly what are these models and how do I use them?”
If you were a personal trainer and you had a new client, you could just list a variety of exercises and the number of repetitions to do. You could write up a meal plan with recommended breakfasts, lunches, and dinners and have an entire plan to present your client at the first meeting.
It’s possible that such a strategy might meet your clients needs, but it’s unlikely.
No, instead, you would meet with your client and talk about past history, likes and dislikes, concerns, and constraints. Only after determining what your clients goals are, can you begin to design an exercise and diet regimen that will be appropriate for this particular client.
In the same way, while it would be possible to pick a health concern and apply whatever services and program components your agency has employed in the past, such a strategy does not have much chance of success.
Instead, you would want to meet with community stakeholders, gather and analyze information, determine the context of the issue, and then create an intervention that is designed specifically to bring about the changes the community wants and needs.
There are good reasons for using some kind of model or theoretical framework for any intervention.
Most models provide a framework for critical analysis of the context for the situation you’re addressing. They don’t guarantee that your analysis will be complete or accurate, but they certainly help improve your odds!
Models allow you to detail the intervention and this detail allows you to have measurable objectives. Measurable objectives allow you to identify your program’s accomplishments and failures, and in that way establish accountability.
A good model will present a clear picture of what activities will be undertaken and what results you expect to see for the community and the people who make up that community.
Let’s look at two specific models to see how they work.
The first is the PRECEDE – PROCEED model. PRECEDE focuses on the planning of a program and PROCEED on the assessment of its success. For this presentation, we will only look at PRECEDE – the planning.
PRECEDE stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation. As its name implies, it represents the process that precedes, or leads up to, an intervention.
PRECEDE was developed for use in public health and makes some assumptions about how to prevent illness and promote health. These include:
PRECEDE has four phases:
Another model you should consider is PEN-3.
The PEN-3 Model was developed to ensure that culture was not only a part of assisting public health planning, but was actually central in the planning, implementation and evaluation of health interventions.
The PEN-3 is a conceptual model for d of health education programs. It consists of three aspects of health that each contain three factors that must be analyzed and considered in order to reach a culture-centered intervention strategy.
The three aspects of health in a PEN-3 model are:
The first aspect of the pen-3 model is health education.
This aspect helps define the target audience not so much in terms of just focusing on the person exhibiting the health behavior to be changed, but more in terms of an educational effort that encompasses the person and his or her social network. The factors within the health education aspect are:
The integration of individual, family, and community is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the PEN-3 model.
The educational diagnosis aspect looks at the factors that influence actions. Pen-3 identifies these as:
The cultural appropriateness of a health behavior aspect looks at the perceptions, enablers, and nurturers and determines whether or not they lead the population being analyzed to engage in healthy behaviors (positive), have a neutral relationship with health behaviors, but should still be incorporated into the intervention strategy (exotic) or which interfere with the target engaging in healthy behaviors or which encourage harmful behaviors.
PRECEDE and PEN-3 are just two of the many models available for program design and assessment. Different models have different strengths and applications but the common denominator is that models help ensure that your program design addresses clearly defined goals instead of randomly chosen approaches to health intervention.
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Now that your team has a better understanding of the population served by the organization, you need to evaluate how able the organization is to serve the specific health care needs of the population identified in the Windshield Survey assessment.
In your organizational evaluation, complete the following:
CRITERIA | NON-PERFORMANCE | BASIC | PROFICIENT | DISTINGUISHED |
---|---|---|---|---|
Describe the primary health concern for a vulnerable or diverse population. | Does not describe the primary health concern for a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies the primary health concern for a vulnerable or diverse population. | Describes the primary health concern for a vulnerable or diverse population. | Describes the primary health concern for a vulnerable or diverse population, and includes information on frequency and causes. |
Explain how a health care organization serves the primary health care concerns of a vulnerable or diverse population. | Does not explain how a health care organization serves the primary health care concerns of a vulnerable or diverse population. | Explains how a health care organization serves a vulnerable or diverse population, but does not address specific health care concerns. | Explains how a health care organization serves the primary health care concerns of a vulnerable or diverse population. | Explains how a health care organization serves the primary health care concerns of a vulnerable or diverse population, and identifies specific initiatives and methods used to communicate the initiatives to the target population. |
Identify gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Does not identify gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies gaps in the health care service provided by an organization, but does not show how the gaps relate to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population, and explains the causes for the gaps. |
Explain evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Does not explain evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Explains evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Recommends evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. |
Identify barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Does not identify barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization, but does not show how the barriers are connected to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population. | Identifies barriers to implementing evidence-based strategies to bridge gaps in the health care service provided by an organization to a vulnerable or diverse population, and considers the consequences of failing to overcome the barriers. |
Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. | Does not write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. | Writes content clearly and logically, but grammar, punctuation, and mechanics have frequent errors. | Writes content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. | Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; and uses relevant evidence to support a central idea. |
Correctly format citations and references using APA style. | Does not correctly format citations and references using APA style. | Inconsistently formats citations and references using APA style. | Correctly formats citations and references using APA style. Citations contain few errors. | Correctly formats citations and references using APA style. Citations are free from all errors. |
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