Hello, no title page is needed. These are discussion board replies to fellow colleagues.  I need a 1-2 paragraph response to each discussion, for a total of two separate responses with at least 2 resources for each response. My main resource for my class is:

Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th Ed.) Cambridge University Press.

• Chapter 2, “Transporters, Receptors, and Enzymes as Targets of Psychopharmacological Drug Action” (pp. 29-50)
• Chapter 3, “Ion Channels as Targets of Psychopharmacological Drug Action) (pp. 51-76)
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First DB posting needing response to Dr. Weiner:

We often get into a discussion of when you are able to diagnose someone with psychosis, bipolar etc.

Can you diagnose those while under the influence of meds, illicit substances or ETOH?

Dr. Weiner

Second DB posting need a response to Elna Williamson:

The Agonist to Antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents

The agonist is commonly taking place as natural neurotransmitter, as it complies with development of G protein linked receptor to the second messenger to it range of scope. The antagonist obstructs the movement of the usual transmitter that agonist should be. It brings about the changes in the G protein Linked receptor and no transition in the signal transduction, they are called neutral or silent as no outcome on their own. In psychiatric issues the antagonist is the arbiter of therapeutic action that may bring about the unwanted side effect which is the inverse agonist.  Antagonists impede the reaction of agonist spectrum (Stahl’s,2021).

The Action of G Couple Proteins and Ion gated Channel

The GPCR’s or G protein – couple’s receptors is the biggest in protein family between 600- 1000 members and connected to a lot of common biological and pathological circumstances. They are also called seven transmembrane (7-TM) receptors and modern medical drugs influence about 45% of selected class. The switch of GPCR open onto irregularity of cellular signaling route that leads to inflammation, mental disorders, hormonal imbalance, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Ion Channels are opening in the cellular membranes that permit ions to move in and out of the cell. We have approximately 400 genes for ion channels. It can be measures through electrophysiology equipment of patch clamping (Molecular Devices, n.d.).

The Role of Epigenetics to Pharmacologic Action

Epigenetics is the genetic knowledge that coded primarily to our genetic code. It can generate diseases that have intact un mutated DNA. Through the development and actual perception of the genome, pharmacology must change in dealing diseases not in a normal drug receptor sense but more of globally response. The bigger scale epigenetic mechanism may enlarge in more than one gene family of proteins. Like Cancer disease, the epigenetic of it may lead to more favorable treatment for it not to relapse as it has different mutations that are hard to predict, detect and treat effectively (Stefanska & MacEwan,2015).

The Impact of Prescribing

Psychotropic medication is a helpful tool in curing mental health disorders, but unseemly prescribing is harmful to patients. Writing a prescription to treat mental health issues seems easy but may not be the most helpful way to our patients.  Some patients may come to their primary care physical and getting anti-depressant medication. Psychotropic medication should be initially evaluated by mental health professionals. It is also alarming concern about prescribing antipsychotic medication to elderly patients with Dementia/Alzheimer’s or the stimulants the children are getting to treat ADHD.  APA comes about clinical treatment guidelines that will help is and educate doctors to develop the best treatment approach in health care delivery (Smith. 2012).

References

Molecular Devices. (n.d.). GPCRs(G protein- coupled receptors). Retrieved from https://www.moleculardevices.com/applications/g-protein-coupled-receptors#relatedproductsLinks to an external site.

Smith,B.L.(2012). Inapproproate Prescribing. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/06/prescribingLinks to an external site.

Stahl’s. (2021). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology” Neuroscientific Basis and Practical application (5th Ed.) Cambridge University Press

Stefanska, B. & MacEwan,D.J.(2015). Epigenetics and Pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology. Retrieved from https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.13136