Ms. D is 6 months pregnant and thinks she may have a UTI. She waits 2 weeks until she has her regular prenatal visit to see a health care provider, and by this time she has a fever, chills, and some intermittent back pain. Her physician diagnoses her with Acute Pyelonephritis.

What is the cause of acute pyelonephritis in pregnant individuals? (5 points)

What other symptoms might she experience with acute pyelonephritis? (5 points)

Describe pathophysiology of acute pyelonephritis? (5 points)

How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed, and what is the treatment? What would concern you about the standard treatment in an individual who is pregnant? (5 points)